Random Sampling

Random sampling

Random sampling is also known as probability sampling. It means a process of a sample of observations from a population. It is for generating assumptions about the population characteristics. It is classified into simple random sampling, stratified sampling, cluster sampling, and multistage sampling.

Simple Random Sampling

Each item in the population has an equal and likely possibility of getting selected in the sample. Because the sample size is large, and the item is selected randomly, it is usually called Representative Sampling.

Systematic Random Sampling

It is equal to the ratio between the total population size and the required population size. Here, the samples are selected from the destination population by choosing the random selection point and choosing others after a fixed sampling period.

Stratified Random Sampling

A population is subdivided into small groups called strata. This is for obtaining a simple random sample from each group. Therefore, the samples are randomly selected from the strata.

Clustered Sampling

Cluster sampling is similar to stratified sampling. However, here, the large population is divided into several numbers, subgroups, or strata. Then, these subdivisions are randomly choosen and then, simple random samples are gathered within these subdivisions. These subdivisions are actually called clusters.

Random Sampling 

Advantages of random sampling

1. It is simple.

2. Its sample size is unrestricted.

3. It is easier.

4. If not got previous literature, we can assume p =50%, q=50%.

5. It is actually unbiased.

6. It is fair as well.

7. Chance of selection of each member of a community or group or region is equal.

Limitation/Disadvantages of random sampling

1. It is time-consuming.

2. It is less efficient if sample selection is unrestricted.

3. It is expensive.

4. Researchers sometimes are biased for calculating the numbers of sample population. For example, they can increase error values from 5% to more to reduce the sample number.

Random Sampling Formula

P= Probability

n= sample size

N= Population,

Then,

P = 1-(1-(1/N))ⁿ

Random Sampling Example

A researcher began a research on the milk productivity of the buffaloes in a village. There are 1000 buffaloes in a village. Among them, 100 individuals are essential for study of their milk productivity. What is the probability (P) of a given individual buffalo being selected.

Here, n =100, N = 1000

Chance of selection of each buffalo only once is:

P = n/N = 100/1000 = 10%

Chance of selection of each buffalo more than once is:

P = 1-(1-(1/N))ⁿ

P = 1 – (999/1000)¹⁰⁰

P = 0.952

P ≈ 9.5%

Formulae for calculating population numbers (Sample size) by using random sampling technique 

Process of sample size calculation

1. Count the total population (N).

2. Determine the critical value (Z) of the normal distribution at the defined significance level (Interval) or confidence level (Interval). Critical value at 95% confidence interval = 1.96.

Confidence Level	Z-score
80%	1.28
85%	1.44
90%	1.65
95%	1.96
99%	2.58

3. Determine the sample proportion. 

If p= 1%, q=100%-1%= 99%= 0.99, so, p=0.01

If p=25%, q= 100%-25%=75%=0.75, so, p=0.25

If the literature shows p values = 10%-50%, p = average of 10 % and 50%, p=30%, q=70%.

If there is no literature regarding p values, use p=50% (0.5) and q= 50% (0.5).

4. Calculate margin of error (e). 

If you test at 95% confidence interval, margin of error (e) =5%=0.05, If you test at 99% confidence interval, margin of error (e) = 1%=0.01.

5. Calculate the required sample numbers (n) using the formula above. 

Example: A researcher prepared a proposal of an area to do an interview survey research on ethnomedicinal knowledge of the local ethnic people. The area consists of 10,000 population. How many individuals should she consider for an interview in her research?

Here, 

N=10,000

Confidence interval = 95%

Error = 5% =0.05

Z= 1.96 (at 95% confidence interval)

p=50%=0.5 

q=50%=0.5

Therefore, 

n= 370

Conclusion: A total of 370 individuals should be included for an interview survey research by her. 

Example: A researcher proposed studying intestinal parasites of fish of a pond with 2000 fish population. Previous researches have shown that fish were positive with intestinal parasites of 5% in 2021 and 20% in 2022. Calculate how many fish should be captured randomly for the collection of gastrointestinal contents (or fecal samples).

N=2000

Confidence interval = 95%

Error = 5% =0.05

Z= 1.96 (at 95% confidence interval)

p=5%-20%=average of 5% AND 20% =12.5% =0.125

q= 87.5%= 0.875

Therefore,

Calculate yourself the value of n. 

Calculating Random Sampling Size via Online 

Sometimes, it is difficult to manually calculate sample size thus, there is another idea. You can calculate the size via Online. There are several Online Calculator Sites via which you can easily determine the sample size. 

You can visit the following Websites for Online calculation (These are external Websites and I am not owner of these Websites):

1. Survey Tools - Random Sample Calculator (custominsight.com)

2. Sample Size Calculator

3. Sampling Distribution Calculator - Statology

4. Sample Size Calculator | Good Calculators

5. Sample Size Calculator: Understanding Sample Sizes | SurveyMonkey

6. Random Sample Generator - MathCracker.com

7. Sample Size Calculator (abs.gov.au)

8. Normal Probability Calculator for Sampling Distributions - MathCracker.com

9. FREE Sample Size Calculator + 8 Types of Sampling to Rock Your Survey (leadquizzes.com)

10. Sample Size: Simple Random Sample (stattrek.com)

11. Sample Size Calculator - Confidence Level, Confidence Interval, Sample Size, Population Size, Relevant Population - Creative Research Systems (surveysystem.com)

If you have any question regarding random sampling, please let me know.

Thank you.

 

Textbooks of Biology for Class XI and XII Nepal

 

 Pioneer Basic Biology for Grade XII

Pioneer Practical Basic Biology for Grade XII

COVID-19 Tests: News Updates etc

 

Hi friends! This is my interview in a national TV regarding why coronavirus vaccines would come in the near future. Waiting for your comments/feedback.

When does Coronavirus Vaccine come?

Similarly, this is my lecture series regarding the significance of Zoology in COVID-19 disease and its drug and vaccine design for pandemics.

COVID-19 and Zoology

These videos are regarding PCR and Antigen testing are different. 

Antigen vs PCR for COVID-19 viruses detection

 

Antigen vs PCR for COVID-19 viruses detection

PCR vs Antigen Testings

view regarding antigen testings for COVID-19

The world is currently experiencing the threat of COVID-19, which has affected 220 countries and territories. Being a Himalayan country with complex landscapes, lax quarantine systems, under-resourced health care and public health systems, less capacitated diagnostic facilities, and a long open border with India, Nepal is on the brink of health care failure and severe risk from COVID-19 pandemic............ Who is to blame? The main question regarding the second wave is who was to blame. Health workers and public health experts had already warned the government of the possible tsunami of the COVID-19 due to new viral variants. ................Nevertheless, it was a welcome move of the government to make a plan to inoculate all of its citizens by the end of April 2021 beginning the vaccination campaign in January...............Nepal should also talk to authorities in India about the establishment of temporary isolation centers and the closure of border entry. Sixth, in vitro as well as in vivo research using natural products, drugs, and vaccines related to the treatment and preventive strategies of COVID-19 should be conducted.........Finally, Nepal, whose current health expenditure per capita is only US$ 45.5 needs the international community including the WHO to help her combat the pandemic. How successfully Nepal defeats COVID-19 depends on the responsible leadership and public health interventions by the government.

हाइकु

सम्रिद्दी भेटें

प्याज्को भाउ नै असी

आर्थिक बृद्दी !!!!!!

..............................

उष्ण मौसम

स्पन्दित भो उदात्त

रुग्ण छन् सखी ।।।

..................................

कोपिला हद्प्रेम्

खतरा हुन्छ भन्छन्

जीवन रोश्नी।

.........................

जोडिए नयन्

ब्युंतिएको खरानी

घुलित् हाम्रो स्वास् I

..............................

प्रीत्या यी काँडा

दीपिन् छन् सब् जीवन्त

भिन्न अनुभुत् l

....................

अधृष्य भाव

सुन र तामा कोशी

प्यार अनुष्ण l

......................

हातमै हात

अनुसन्धान पथ

निशब्द प्रेम।

....................

बेहोशी तन

अंगालिएको मन

प्रेम डुबाई।

..................

दीप त्यो रुप

खरानीको स्वरुप

भौतिक रोग।

.............................

शास्वत सत्य

जन्म, मृत्यु, र जन्म

जीव नाटक।

......................

रातो मौसम

बहकिएको हावा

श्वेत प्रकृति ।

Cyclospora cayetanensis causes Bell's palsy?

Bell’s Palsy and Cyclospora cayetanensis

In the 4th volume of NepaleseJournal of Neuroscience, an interesting case report of the  probably association of Cyclospora with Bell's palsy was published by Tirth Raj Ghimire, Purna Nath Mishra, Jeevan Bahadur Sherchand, and Laxmi Vilas Ghimire. They reported Cyclospora cayetanensis and hypothesized that this coccidian can induce Bell's palsy, an idiopathic facial paralysis. It is a common disease that causes important functional, aesthetic, and psychosocial disturbances in the patients¹ Bell’s palsy is characterized by the mouth sags, dribbling, taste impairment, and watery eye. The etiology of VIIth nerve palsy may be due to brainstem tumor, stroke, polio, cerebello-pontine angle lesions (acoustic neuroma, meningitis), otitis media, Ramsay Hunt Syndrome (herpeszoster oticus), cholesteatoma, parotid tumors, trauma, sarcoid, Guillain-Barre, leprosy, Lyme disease etc^2,3 But Bell’s palsy is idiopathic in nature. 

Cyclospora cayetanensis is a coccidian parasite that causes acute and chronic diarrhea in immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients ^4,5,6,7,8 It has been reported the Bell’s palsy syndrome in a Cyclospora infected chronic diarrheal patient in this coccidian endemic area, Nepal. Tirth Raj Ghimire and colleagues reported case of Bell’s palsy following chronic Cyclospora infection. Although this syndrome in their study could have been coincidental, they have proposed that Cyclospora as another infectious trigger for Bell’s palsy⁹. In this study, along Biliary disease, Guillain-Barre syndrome, Reiter syndrome, acalculus cholecystitis, pulmonary infection and low hemoglobin concentration in the absence of efficient immune system, another major syndrome called Bell’s palsy has been reported as an extraintestinal complication of Cyclospora infection.

In their study, the duration of facial involvement was about four months in their patient. Partial facial paralysis is usually resolved within several months. Likelihood of complete recovery after total paralysis varies from 20% to 90%³ . And the duration of diarrhea caused by Cyclospora was about 17 months and for two months or so the patient had coexistent Bell’s palsy and Cyclospora infection. Careful review of the literature revealed that this occurrence is extremely rare. This could be due to an autoimmune basis similar to the occurrence of Guillain-Barre syndrome. Presence of sole Cyclospora in his stool and recovery of his protracted diarrhea and facial paralysis after treatment with cotrimoxazole, the involvement of Cyclospora in chronic diarrheal patients to cause Guillain-Barre syndrome, pulmonary infection, low hemoglobin concentration in various studies, the authors assume that Bell’s palsy was the result of the chronic Cyclospora infection in their patient.

References

1. Ying LI, Fan-rong LIANG, Shu-guang YU,et al: Efficacy of acupuncture and moxibustion in treating. CMJ, 117: 1502-1506, 2004

2. Hope RA, Longmore JM, Hodgetts TJ, et al: Oxford Handbook of Clinical Medicine, Oxford University Press, India, 1994

3. Thomas CL: Taber ’s Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary, 1993. ISBN: 0-8036-8313-8 (Davis FA)

4. Ghimire TR, Mishra PN: Intestinal parasites andhemoglobin concentration in the people of two different areas of Nepal. JNHRC3: 1-7, 2005

5. Ghimire TR: Cyclosporiasis in HIV and Non-HIV patients: A study in Kanti Children’s Hospital, Maharajgunj and Sukra Raj Tropical and Infectious Disease Hospital, Teku, Kathmandu, Nepal. Dissertation: Master’s Degree in Zoology, Central Department of Zoology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal, 2004

6. Shlim DR, Cohen MT, Eaton M, et al: An alga-like organism associated with an outbreak of prolonged diarrhea among foreigners in Nepal. Am J Trop Med Hyg 45: 383-389, 1991

7. Outbreaks of diarrheal illness associated with cyanobacteria (blue-green algae)-like bodiesChicago and Nepal, 1989 and 1990. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 40: 325-327, 1991

8. Ghimire TR, Mishra PN, Sherchand JB: The seasonaloutbreaks of Cyclospora and Cryptosporidium in Kathmandu, Nepal. JNHRC3(1): 39-48, 2005

9. Ghimire TR, Mishra PN, Sherchand JB, Ghimire LV: Bell’s Palsy and Cyclosporiasis: Causal or Coincidence? Nepal Journal of Neuroscience 4:86- 88, 2007 (http://neuroscience.org.np/neuro/issues/uploads/abstract_K3M0aH6IUP.pdf)

This article is solely based on the published paper from Nepalese Journal of Neuroscience Volume 4, 2007.  The authors are:

1. Tirth Raj Ghimire, MSc Department of Biology Bagmati Modern College Kathmandu, Nepal
2. Purna Nath Mishra, PhD Central Department of Zoology Tribhuvan University Kathmandu, Nepal
3. Jeeevan Bahadur Sherchand, PhD Department of Microbiology and Parasitology Institute of Medicine Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital Kathmandu, Nepal
4. Laxmi Vilas Ghimire, MBBS Institite of Medicine Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital Kathmandu, Nepal

Address for correspondence

Tirth Raj Ghimire, MSc Department of Biology Bagmati Modern College Kathmandu, Nepal E-mail: ghimiretr@hotmail.com, Received, May 10, 2007 Accepted, May 24, 2007.

While citing this paper, cite original version: Ghimire TR, Mishra PN, Sherchand JB,Ghimire LV. Bell’s Palsy and Cyclosporiasis: Causal or Coincidence? NepalJournal of Neuroscience 4:86- 88, 2007.

Essential Tips for PhD success: 26 Points that Students Should Learn

1. Follow the guidance of the PhD requirements of your institutions, universities, and grant or financial supporters.

2. Follow the guidance of your supervisors, mentors, professors, examiners, seniors, postdocs, and researchers, external and internal experts.

3. Always be in touch with experts, university's librarian, IT officials, mentors, and teachers.

4. Tell your professors about everything that you have done and want to do in future about the work.

5. Generate a question for PhD thesis.

6. Be sure for the hypothesis, background, rationale, materials and methods, and possible outcomes and output of your research.

7. Statistical tools and techniques are important. Thus, find some experts or statisticians and Google for software and applications about statistics and data analysis.

8. Buy a laptop or a desktop and a printer. Be perfect in Word/Excel/Powerpoint.

9. Create a Plan B. If plan A of your PhD research does not work, you should follow other procedures, materials, methods, hypothesis, and others. If Plan B does not work, you can create plan C. You should always talk to your supervisors about it.

10. Writing references is important in the format of your university or according to the suggestions given by your host institution's professors.

11. Software for reference styles such as End Note, Mendeley, and Reference Manager should be learnt.

12. Literature review should be thoroughly read. Never give up reading the literatures.

13. Plagiarism is a crime. Go on various universities' websites how to be away from it.

14. Buy books, journals, newspapers, articles from various websites and publishers. Download free access articles if they are permitted to do so.

15. Time management is the most important issue of PhD. Thus, make a plan of your 3-5 years PhD programs. Keep a calendar at your office. Write down everything in day-wise calendar what you will do in future.

16. Be in touch with various institutions other than yours for library copy of different books and journals.

17. Ask your professors, supervisors, and mentors if there is any problem in your academics and research.

18. Present your findings in your lab groups, social groups, and to a huge audience.

19. Always ask any comments, feedback, and note down in your note copy and laboratory book. Write down everything what you are told and suggested in your note copy.

20. Always keep an I Pad, laptop, note book, and a copy in your bag.

21. Visiting cards may be important. Keep them with you. Ask others' visiting cards and collect in your ID note book.

22. PhD reports should be written per annum or according to the style of your university.

23. Your draft report should be given to various experts for comments and feedback.

24. Give your report to your post docs or others you believe expert in grammar and language editing.

25. While writing PhD thesis finally,

a. Write aims and objectives first.

b. Write results and organize them.

c. Write materials and methods.

d. Write introduction and conclusion last so that it will help to tie up the thesis together.

But it completely depends on your own style and perceptions.

e. Check, check, and check everything you write, word-by-word, full stop by full stop and comma by comma.

f. Check your figures and tables and their legend.

g. When you finish checking in computer, print the pages and again check in hard copies.

h. Then, edit in your soft copy and print.

i. Send your thesis to experts, supervisors either in soft or hard version.

j. Finally edit according to their comments and suggestions.

k. Discuss with your supervisors and mentors.

l. Final incorporation of suggestions from them.

m. Submit the final version of your thesis.

n. Read your thesis completely and be ready for your exam.

o. You can practice in front of your seniors or juniors for the viva exam.

p. Be confident in your viva.

q. Be true in the exam. Tell the examiners what you did and what you want to do in future. Don’t lie in explaining your data.

r. If you get suggestions, comments from them, edit your thesis accordingly.

s. Submit your thesis to the institutions for PhD if you are awarded after viva has been taken.

t. Ready for graduation.

26. During your PhD, don’t forget

a. to go to pub.

b. to access social media (Facebook, twitter, researchgate, LinkedIn, ORCID etc)

c. to be members of various societies, clubs, and groups.

d. to spend your weekends with your family members.

e. to give oral and poster presentation around the globe.

f. to go to shopping centers with your family.

g. to write poems, stories, novels, essays, monograph, and others whatever you like.

केहि नेपाली हाइकूहरु (Nepali Haiku)

कृपया यसमा प्रकाशित भएका हाइकूहरु वा एसको कुनै हरफ हरु सार्नु वा प्रिन्ट गर्नु अगाडी यसप्रकार स्रोत खुलाइदिनु होला : (लेखकको नाम. शिर्षक, प्रकाशित मिति. वेब पेजको ठेगाना )। 

अनुसन्धान 

हुवहुको  राजनीति
आकाश छुने लछ्य
पैशाको सत्यानाश।
...................

विज्ञान 
मंगलको यात्रा
प्रयोगशाला र अर्बुदरोग
शून्य बजेट।
......................

माया 
जेरीको चाहना
दुई जीउ तीन
शाश्वत सत्य।
.........................

चाकडी 
निहुरिएर तालि
आशिर्वादको लागि पसिना
भित्रभित्र  गाली।

......................

ऋण 

जरुरी कागज  

निद्रा नलाग्ने औसधि 

टुटेको समझदारी।

...................... 

देश 

भूगोलको सिमा 

माया जाग्ने डोरी 

राजनीतिज्ञको भाँडो।  

..................................

धन 

कालो पोको 

शत्रु कमाउने तत्व 

मानवको लछ्य। 

.......................

जागिर 

असन्तुस्टी जिन्दगि 

चित्त बुझाउने प्रयाश

कडा प्रतिस्पर्धा।  

.........................

परिचय 
अन्जान साथी
तपाईं, तिमी, म 
एकछिनको रमझम। 
.........................

छोराछोरी 
बुढेसकालको साहारा
लोभ, माया, सपना
बुढेसकालमा  बेसाहारा। 
.......................

शहर 
बैकल्पिक सपना
धूलो, महँगी, पीडा
हराएको जिन्दगि। 
......................

विदेश 
परिवारको सपना
सुन फल्ने देश
शून्य जिन्दगि । 
..........................

फेसबुक 
तिर्खाएको गाई
नशा लाग्ने किताब
घरवार सत्यानाश। 
.......................

काम 
जिउने बाध्यता
पिउनको लागि  बाध्यता
जीवनभरको तपस्या। 
......................

Zoology, Zoologist, and their Situations in Nepal

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-v_ k|f0fL tyf k|f0fLzf:qsf] Oltxf;

       k|f0fLx?sf] Oltxf;sf] kIf x]bf{ ;a} s[lt tyf n]vsx?df ;dfg ljrf/ n]lvPsf 5}gg\ . ldlt pNn]v gu/LPtfklg ;+:s[tsf] ;a} eGbf k'/fgf] k':ts -@))) BC_ /fdfo0fnfO{ dflgG5 . o; k':tsdf dfG5] tyf hgfj/df nfUg] /f]ux?sf] pkrf/ tyf ck|]zg k|ljlwx? pNn]v ul/Psf 5g\ . s'i6/f]u, Ifo/f]u, dfgl;s/f]usf] af/]df 1fg lbOPsf] 5 . To:t} dxfef/t -!$)) BC_ df ufO{, ;k{, e]+8f, afv|f, s's'/, xfQL, 3f]8f / ltgLx?sf] pkof]lutfsf] jf/]df rrf{ 5 . of] cjlwdf ufO{sf] b"w, £o', gf}gL, df]xL / bxL pTkfbg ul/GYof] / lbkfjnLsf] j]nfdf ufO{ k'Hg] rng s[i0f eujfgn] g} rnfPsf] dflgG5 . kl5 df}o{j+z -#@@–@#@ BC_ sf] ;dodf xfQL dfg{]nfO{ d[To'b08 lbOGYof] . o;af6 hgfj/x?sf] dxTj yfx kfpg ;lsG5 .

Figure: Different Branches of Zoological sciences.

       cfo{ ;d"bfosf] k'/fgf] wfld{s k':ts l/uj]bdf hgfj/x?nfO{ ;Dklt dflgGYof] . lbgsf] # rf]6L ufO{ b'x'g], hËn kmfF8]/ ufO{ r/fpg], uf]?nfO{ ;Gtfg pTkfbg ug{] Ifdtf lg:qmLo agfpg] -Castrate_, uf]?nfO{ v]tdf sfd ug{ k|of]u ug{], 3/df s's'/ kfNg], ufO{nfO{ efUo, v'zL, :j:y / cfdf dfGg], ufO{sf] j+z /x];Dd dfgjtf /xG5 eGg] cf:yf /fVg] / hgfj/x?nfO{ hf}, pv' / cfn;sf] t]n v'jfpg] sfd cfo{gn] ub{y] . To;}n] klg To; j]nfsf wfld{s Clifx? jf u'?x? g} klxnf] k|f0fLzf:qL lyP eGg'df cTo'lQm gxf]nf .

       o;}u/L lxGb' wd{leq vf]Hg] xf] eg] ljleGg b]jLb]jtfx?n] hgfj/x?nfO{ cfˆgf] ;xof]uLsf] ?kdf lnGy] eGg] s'/f e]l6G5 . b]jLb]jtfx? cfˆgf] OR5fcg';f/ hgfj/x?df kl/jt{g eO/xGy] . pgLx? hgfj/nfO{ o'4df k|of]u ub{y] . sL/fx? pTkfbg u/]/ ;tLb]jLsf] nfz s'xfPsf] eGg] s'/f :j:yfgLdf cem k9\g kfOG5 .

       lj1fgn] k|f0fLzf:qsf] Oltxf; lgcf]lnlys kl/jt{g ;fy;fy} z'? ePsf] dfGb5 . of] o'u cfh eGbf !),))) jif{ cufl8sf] xf] . of] j]nfdf 3/kfn'jf hgfj/x? kflnGYof] . OlhlK;ogx?n] hgfj/ / lj?jfx?nfO{ Pp6} ;+;f/ dfGby] . logLx? df}/Lkfng ug{], df5fkfng ug{], r/fx?sf] k|hgg u/fOlbg], s's'/, la/fnf] / afFb/x?nfO{ 3/df kfNg] / sltko k|f0fLnfO{ jln ;d]t lbg] ub{y] .

       kl5 lxGb' cfo{'j]bsf n]vsn] xfd|f] z/L/ kGrtTj / ;ft k|sf/sf tGt'x?af6 ag]sf] x'G5 eg]/ jofg u/] . cfo'{j]bdf dfG5] jf hgfj/x?nfO{ gsfl6sg  ck|]zg ug{] k|ljlw pNn]v ub{} hgfj/af6 k|fKt %& j6f cf}iflwx?sf] jf/]df 1fg n]lvof] . wGjGt/Lsf lzio ;':?tf -^)) BC_ n] w]/} gofF k|ljlw k|of]u ul/ pgn] lrlsT;f If]qdf qmflGt g} NofPsf lyP . ;':?tf ;+lxtf, rf/s ;+lxtf, xl/tf ;+lxtf / dT:ok'/f0fdf w]/} k/hLjL tyf ;'Id hLjx?af6 nfUg] /f]ux?sf] jf/]df  1fg lbOPsf] 5 . 

       kl5 s/Lj @))) BC df rLgdf l;Nsjd{sf] v]tL z'? eof] . clg !!)) BC df rLgdf g} k|f0fLzf:qx?sf] ju}rf (Zoological Garden) agfOof,] h;df ;+;f/e/Laf6 df5f, d[u, afv|f / r/fx? NofP/ /flvof] . %^# BC df l;4fy{ uf}tdn] hgfj/x?sf] /f]usf] pkrf/ / ;+/If0fsf] nflu t/Lsfx? atfP . #*$ BC P/L:6f]6nn] Historia Animalium  eGg] k':ts n]v]/ k|f0fLzf:qsf] Oltxf; /r] . pgn] %$) k|hfltsf hgfj/x?sf] jlu{s/0f u/] / slDtdf %) j6fnfO{ lr/kmf/ u/] . Tokl5 klg ljleGg j}1flgsx?n] cf–cfˆgf] t/Lsfn] cWoog cg';Gwfg ub{} k|f0fLzf:qnfO{ cuf8L a9fP. kl5 ;g\ !*%( df rfN;{ 8flj{gn] cfˆg} l;4fGt k|ltkfbg u/]kl5 k|f0fLx?sf] pTkltsf] O{ltxf; vf]Hg w]/} j}1flgsx?n] k|f0fLzf:qdf of]ubfg lbP . clxn] cfP/ k|f0fLx?sf] uxg cWoog ub{} pgLx?sf] jf/]df w]/} s'/f yfxf eO;s]sf] /Iffsf] nflu k|f0fLclwsf/sdL{x? nflu k/]sf 5g\ .

       Oltxf;n] s] b]vfpF5 eg] klxnf klxnf :jcWoog, cjnf]sg / 5nkmnaf6 af6 k|f0fLzf:qLx? k|f0fLsf] jf/]df jf]Ng], n]Vg] ub{y] . t/ lj:tf/} Tof] k|s[of s'g} ljBfno jf ;+:yfdf x'g] u¥of] . pbfx/0fsf] nflu k|f0fLzf:qsf] cWoog ;a}eGbf klxnf ;g\ !*#& df k|fs[lts Oltxf;sf/ k|f]km]z/ ls/Lofsf]; 8f]dfG8f];n] u|fLssf] Py]G; ljZjljBfnodf :yfkgf u/]sf lyP eGg] dflgG5 . To;kl5 of] ljifo o'/f]k, cd]l/sf, Plzof, clk|msf / ci6«]olnofsf ljZjljBfnox?df k9fpg] ul/Psf] xf] . xfn ljZjdf nf]slk|o 6]lnlehg Rofgn, Do'lhod, au}rf (Garden_, kfs,{ /]l8of], kqklqsf, lrl8ofvfgf, lgs'~h cflb hgfj/x?sf] /Iff tyf arfj6 ug{sf]nflu ;+rfngdf NofOPsf 5g\ . logLx?n] ljZjsf] cy{tGqdf lgSs} 7"nf] e"ldsf v]n]sf 5g\ .

-u_ g]kfndf k|f0fLzf:q

       k|f=8f= k"0f{gfy ld>sf cg';f/ g]kfnL k|f0fL hutdf ;aeGbf klxn] vf]hL ug{] j|fog x8\;g -!*@^–!*%*_  / Pkm=8An'=xf]k -!*#!_ sf] cWoog / k|sfzgn] g]kfnsf] k|f0fLzf:q cWoognfO{ lgSs} ;xof]u / k|]/0ff lbPsf] b]lvG5 . To;kl5 klg c+u|]h, k|]mGr, hd{g, hfkfgL, ef/tLo cflb ljz]if1x?n] g]kfnsf] k|f0fLzf:qsf] cWoog / cg';Gwfg s|ddf lgSs]} cle?lr lnO{ ljleGg ;+3, ;+:yf, ljefux?sf ;fy} :jb]zL Pj+ ljb]zL cg';Gwfgstf{n] u/]sf sfo{x?af6 7"nf] of]ubfg ePsf] b]lvG5 .

       g]kfndf lqrGb| sn]h pQ/ dWodf -Post Secondary_ txsf] lj1fg lzIffsf] z'?jft ;g\ !(!( df eof] . kl5 !($& df cfO=P:;L txdf k|f0fLzf:q k|lzIf0f z'? eof] . o;sf] yfnlg k|f= j|fDxLbQ kfG8] -Pd=P:;L=af]6gL_ af6 ePsf] xf] . jLrdf 8f= P;=;L= dh'Dbf/ -d]l8sn clws[t_ af6 klg ;f] sfo{ eO{ ;g\ !($( cS6f]a/df k|f= lzjz+s/ l;+x -Pd=P:;L= h'nf]hL_ sf7df08f}+ cfO{ of] sfddf nflukg{' eof] . ;g\ !(%) df lj=P:;L= txdf o; ljifosf] lzIff lbg yflnPkl5 af]6gL / h'nf]hL ljifox?df 5'§f5'§} ljefux? :yfkgf ul/P . kl5 !(%( df lq=lj=lj=sf] :yfkgf ePkl5 :gftsf]Q/ txdf k|f0fLzf:qsf] cWofkg z'?df # hgf ljBfyL{x? -/fd]Zj/ k|;fb l;+x, /fh]Gb|nfn >]i7 / sdnf >]i7_ ;lxt lqrGb| sn]hsf] k|f0fLzf:qsf] Do'lhod sf]7fdf ;g\ !(^% gf]e]Da/ @* -d+l;/ @@, @)@@ df_ k|f=lzjz+s/ l;+xsf] g]t[Tjdf z'?jft eof] . of] k9fpg] ;d"xdf 8f= ;LkL uf]vf{nL, 8f= cf/ pk|]tL, l6;L dh'k'l/of, k"0f{gfy ld> nufotsf k|fWofksx? x'g'x'GYof] . o;/L :gftsf]Q/ klxnf] jif{ Tolx+ k9fOPtfklg bf];|f] jif{sf ljBfyL{x?nfO{ !(^& df g} sLlt{k'/ l:yt s]d]:6«L Anssf] dflyNnf] tNnfdf /fv]/ k|f0fLzf:q ljefu cGtu{t k7gkf7g eof] . To;kl5 ljefusf] c:YffO{ ejg gf]e]Da/ !(() df aGof] eg] !((* df cfˆg} gofF ejg kfPtfklg ;g\ @))@ df aNn o; ejgdf ljBfyL{x?n] k9g kfP, hxfF n]vs :jo+n] bf];|f] jif{ cWoog u/]sf] lyof] .

       klxnf] Jofrdf # hgf ePklg bf];|f] Jofrdf dx]Gb| axfb'/ lu/Ln] dfq k|f0fLzf:q k9] . t];|f] Jofrdf pdfsfGt /fo ofbj, a;Gt s'df/ yfkf, t]h s'df/ >]i7, /fd axfb'/ v8\sf, ljBf zdf{ cflb lyP . rf}yf] Jofrdf cfgGb zf]ef tfd|fsf/, kGgf zf]ef t'nfw/, /lj ljgf]b zdf{, g/]Gb| /fh zdf{, zf/bf b]lj dxh{g, sflGt axfb'/ sfsL{ cflb lyP . kfFrf} Jofrdf ;'/]z axfb'/ sfsL{, s[i0f rGb| >]i7, hd'gf >]i7, ;'zLnf Gof}kfg] / cfgGb k|;fb k|wfg lyP .

       z'?sf Jofrx?nfO{ sL6lj1fg -Entomology_ dfq} special paper ePtfklg kl5 uP/ dT:ozf:q (Fish & Fisheries) ylkof] . cGTodf Ecology / Parasitology ylkPkl5 dfq k|f0fLzf:q k9g] ljBfyL{x?sf] rfk cToflws x'g uPsf] xf] . lzIff gLltsf] k|of]uzfnf dflgPsf] lqljljn] !(^% df jflif{s k|s[of /f]Hof], !(&# df ;]d]i6/ k|s[of /fHof], !(*^ df km]l/ jflif{s k|0ffnL /fHof] eg] cGTodf @)!# df k'/fg} ;]d]:6/ k|s[of /f]Hof] . k|f0fLzf:q ljefun] klg oxL cg'?k cfkm"nfO{ lzIffk|0ffnL gLltsf] k|of]uzfnf agfpg' kg{] afWotf agfof] .

       k|f0fLzf:qLx?n] g]kfndf 7"nf] of]ubfg lbPsf 5g\ . k|f=8f= lzjz+sf/ l;+x k|f0fLzf:qsf :yfkgfstf{ x'g\ . k|f=8f= k"0f{gfy ld> /fli6«o tyf cGt/fli6«o hg{ndf k|f0fL tyf k/hLjLx? ;DaGwL n]vx? k|sflzt ug{ kf]Vt k|f0fLzf:qL x'g\ . k|f=8f= hLjg >]i7 df5f ;DaGwL :t/Lo k':ts tyf n]vx? n]v]/ g]kfndf dT:ozf:qsf] Oltxf; /Rg ;kmn Ps ;lqmo k|f1 x'g . l6;L dh'k'l/of k|f0fLzf:q tyf cGo ;DalGwt k':tsx? n]v]/ o; ljifonfO{ ljBfyL{dfem k'¥ofpg ;kmn JolQm x'g\ . k|f= 8f= ;'/]z axfb'/ sfsL{ / k|f=8f= s'df/ ;fksf]6f k9fpg] snfdf kf]Vt 5g\ eg] k|f=8f= dbg sf]O/fnf, k|f=8f=pdfsfGt /fo ofbj ;kmn jftfj/0fjLb x'g\ . k|f=8f=t]hs'df/ >]i7 hgfj/x? ;DaGwL :t/Lo / cGt/fi6«Lo :t/sf k':ts n]Vg;Sg] nf]slk|o cg';Gwfgstf{ x'g\, h:n] l8=P;\=;L= ;d]t ul/;s]sf 5g\ . k|f=8f= v8\u a:g]t Osf]nf]hL, EIA / Climate Change ;DaGwL lj1 x'g\ . k|f=8f= gGb axfb'/ l;+x Ethnobiology / Genetics sf kof{ojfrL JolQm x'g\ . 8f= dx]Gb| dxh{g, 8f= bof/fd e';fn, k|]d axfb'/ a'9f nufot ahf/sf c? ælbdfuL k|f0fLzf:qL’’ (Brainy Zoologists) x?n] k|f0fLzf:qsf] If]qdf k|z:t of]ubfgx? lbO/x]sf 5g\ . lbdfuL k|f0fLzf:qL eGgfn] dfWoflds, pRr dfWoflds ljBfno k9fpg], ljZjljBfnosf DofbL lzIfs, Pglhcf], cfO{ PghLcf] tyf k|fOe]6 ;+:yfdf sfd ug{] tyf j]/fhuf/L / g]kfndf ljb]zaf6 kms{]sf k|f0fLzf:qLx?nfO{ hgfpF5 .

-3_ k|f0fLzf:q÷k|ff0fLzf:qLx?sf ;d:ofx?

/fd|f k|f0fLzf:qx?sf] ;b'kof]u ug{ g;Sg'÷glbg'

       o"/f]k, cd]l/sf, hfkfg, ci6«]lnof, Sofg8f, tyf cGo ljsl;t d'n'sx?af6 :gftsf]Q/ / kLPr8L u/]/ s]xL gofF, hf]lznf / sfd ug{ ;Sg] k|f0fLzf:qLx? g]kfn kms{]sf 5g\ . /fd|f] df}sf kfPdf pt} al;;s]sfx? klg kms{g]5g\ . t/ pgLx?k|lt g]kfnsf ;DalGwt lj1x?, ;+3, ;+:yf, ljZjljBfno, k|lti7fg cflb ;s/fTds b]lv+b}gg\  jf x'g rfxFb}gg\ . cGt/fli6«o hg{n jf k':ts k|sflzt ul/;s]sf c+u|]hL jf]Ng] b]zdf uP/ cWoog u/]/ kms{]sfx? ;+u 8/fP/, eljiodf cfˆgf] :t/ / Career k|lt jiff{}+ b]lv cfˆgf] c•f hdfP/ a:g]x? ;hu /xg' / pgLx?nfO{ o:tf ;+3, ;+:yfx?df l5g{ glbg' oyfy{ xf] . csf{] s'/f ljZjljBfno jf ToxfFsf kbflwsf/Lx?sf] If]qLo, hftLo / /fhgLlts efuj08fsf] sf/0fn] ahf/df /x]sf ælbdfuL k|f0fLzf:qLx? nfO{ c;/ k/]sf] s'/fsf] jf/]df klxn] g} w]/} ;dfrf/x? cfO;s]sf]n] of] n]vsn] Totflt/ n]Vg] cfjZostf g7fg]sf] xf] . lsgeg] ljZjljBfno ;]jf cfof]un] kGw|–lj;hgf ;kmn k|lt:klw{sf] kl/0ffd lgsfNbf klg k6s–k6s uNtL eof] eGb} c;kmnnfO{ ;kmn / ;kmnnfO{ c;kmn eGb} k6s–k6s k/L0ffd kl/jt{g ul/lbg] ePsf]n] o:tf] lsl;dsf] 3f]6fnfnfO{ lbdfuL k|f0fLzf:qLx? æk/LIffÆ jf æk|lt:kwf{Æ dfGb}gg\ .

k|f0fLzf:qLnfO{ ;/sf/L hflu/df æz"GoÆ sf]6f

       xfn g]kfn lj1fg tyf k|ljlw k|1fk|lti7fg -gf:6_ / ljZjljBfnox?df k|f0fLzf:qLx?nfO{ hflu/df /flvPsf] b]lvG5 . gf:6df ev{/} dfq} k|f0fLzf:qsf] sfdx? z'?jft ug{ nfluPsf] 5 . eljiodf oxfF k|f0fLzf:qLsf] ;+Vof a9\g ;sg] cfzf ul/Psf] 5, t/ ljZjljBfnoleqsf] ;d:ofx? klxn] g} pNn]v ul/ ;lsPsf] 5 .

       s'g} ;do s[lif ljefu cGtu{t dT:ozf:qLx?n] ;/sf/L sf]6fdf cj;/ kfpFy] . t/ lj:tf/} jg lj1fg, s[lif, jftfj/0f, / dfOqmf]jfof]nf]hL h:tf ljifodf :gftsf]Q/ / lkPr8L ljifosf hgzlQm tof/ x'Fb} uP / lj:tf/} l;08Ls]6 k|s[of ckgfO{ k|f0fLzf:qLx?sf] nflu 9f]sf aGb u/fOof] . To;}ul/ /fli6«o lgs'~h, jGohGt' ljefu, s]Gb|Lo lrl8of3/, aGohGt' c:ktfn, hg:jf:y, e]S6/ sG6«f]n dxfzfvf, aftfj/0f ljefu / k|f0fLzf:q;+u ;DalGwt cGo lgsfox?df k|f0fLzf:qx?sf nflu s'g} pRr txdf :yfO{ sf]6fx? v'Ng ;s]sf 5}gg\ .

       ;g\ @))@–@))# lt/ h';fgsf cWoIf czf]s ad / s]lGb|o k|f0fLzf:q ljefu sLlt{k'/sf k|d'v k|f=8f= t]hs'df/ >]i7sf] g]t[Tjdf ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno, nf]s ;]jf cfof]u / ;jf{]Rr cbfntdf ;d]t :gftsf]Q/ k|f0fLzf:q -dT:ozff:q / sL6lj1fg_ sf ljBfyL{x?n] klg nf]s ;]jf cfof]uaf6 v'n]sf] kbx?df cfj]bg xfNg lsg gkfpg] elg sf]if{ / lzIf0f cjlwsf] jf/]df JofVof ub{} lgj]bg lbOPsf] lyof] . t/ k|f0fLzf:qsf] kf7\oqmdsf] lzIf0f cjlw gk'Ug] / k|fS6Lsn tyf lkmN8 sfo{sf] ef/ sd ePsf] eGb} k|f0fLzf:qLx?nfO{ ;/sf/L hflu/ vfgaf6 alGrt u/fOof] .

of] ;d:of ;fdfwfg ug{sf] nflu k|f0fLzf:q ljifo ;ldlt s]lGb|o k|f0fLzf:q ljefu, k|fs[lts ;+u|fxno / ;DalGwt ;+:yf / JolQmx? s'g} 7f]6 sfd u/]sf] b]lv+b}g . jif{]lg pTkfbg x'g] ;of}+ k|f0fLzf:qLx?nfO{ nf]s;]jf cfof]u dfkm{t sf]6f l;h{gf ug{kl§ pgLx?n] s'g} Wofg, ;f]r, of]hgf / sfo{qmd u/]sf] b]lv+b}g .

k|f0fLzf:qLx?sf] cfˆg} sdhf]/L

       s]xL jif{ cl3 k|f0fLzf:qL tyf afFb/lj1 elgPsfx?n] ægofF cf}ifwLx? Ps}rf]6L dfG5]df k|of]u ug{ gldNg] / dfG5]sf] /f]usf] pkrf/sf] jf/]df cWoog / cg';Gwfg ug{ afFb/ g} rflxG5Æ eGg] dfGotf /fVb} g]kfndf afFb/sf] ;GttL pTkfbg ug{] s]Gb| :yfkgf u/]/ cd]l/sfsf] cg';Gwfg ;+:yfdf afFb/x? n}hfg rfxGy] . t/ kl5 hgfj/ clwsf/sdL{x?n] d'4f g} bfo/ u/]kl5 afFb/ k7fpg nfluPsf] k|s[of t'?Gt} /f]lsPsf] lyof] . o; 36gfsf] ;fy} sltko k|f0fLzf:qLx? g]kfnaf6 hgfj/x?sf] gd"gf ljb]z n}hfg kfpg'k5{ eg]/ eg]tfklg ;bg, cbfnt, / hfg]a'em]sf k|f0fLzf:qLx? o;sf] lj/f]wdf 5g\ . oL sf/0fx?n] ubf{ klg k|f0fLzf:qLx?df Pstf gePsf] xf] .

k|f0fLzf:qLx?sf] Pstfdf sdL

       g]kfnsf k|f0fLzf:qLx? dfWolds :t/sf] ljBfno b]lv :gftsf]Q/ :t/sf] ;Dd / ljleGg u}x|;/sf/L b]lv ;/sf/L sfof{nox?df sfo{/t 5g\ . pgLx?sf] ;+u7g Nepal Zoological Society, NEZOS -g]hf];_ ePtfklg o;sf] jf/]df w]/} cglj1 5g\ . o;n] vf;} ?kdf pNn]vgLo sfd ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g . c? ljifosf ;+u7gx?n] j]nfj]nfdf ;]ldgf/, ldl6Ë, js{zk clfb sfo{qmdx? ug{ ;s]sf] / ul//x]sf] t/ g]hf]; eg] k'/} lgbfPsf] cj:yfdf b]lvG5 .  o;sf ;fy} ljZjljBfnodf sfd ug{] k|f0fLzf:qLx? / ltgLx? afx]s ahf/sf lbdfuL k|f0fLzf:qLx?df Ps?ktf gePsf] xf] .

k|f0fLzf:q cg';Gwfgsf] emGeml6nf] cg'dlt k|s[of 

       k|f0fLzf:q Ethical Science leq cfj4 lj1fg xf] . k|f0fLx?sf] cg';Gwfg ug'{ eGbf klxnf ljleGg ;/sf/L ;+3, ;+:yf, ;+u7gaf6 cg'dlt lng'kg{] x'g;S5 . o;f] ugf{n] cg';Gwfgsf] u'0f:t/, ;Totf, dxTj / ljZj;gLotf a9\5 . t/ klg of] k|s[of 9Lnf] eOlbg] jf :jLs[tL kq lng ;xn]vssf] gfd /flvlbg' kg{], yl];;sf]nflu ul/g] df}lvs k|:t'tL ug'{kg{] jf cGo emGeml6nf] k|s[of agfOPsf] eg]/ k|f0fLzf:qLx? lbSs dfGb5g\ .

cg';Gwfgsf] u'0f:t/df x|f;

       g]kfndf a;]/ sfd ul//x]sf k|f0fLzf:qLx?sf] n]vx? cGt/fli6«o / :t/Lo hg{ndf w]/}} g} sd 5g\ . o;sf] d'Vo sf/0fx? :t/Lo k|of]uzfnfsf] sld, yf]/} tnasf] sf/0f cg';Gwfgdf Wofg glbg' / cGoq Doflb sfd ug'{, / cGo sf/0fx?n] leq}af6 sfd÷cg';Gwfg ug{ dg gnfUg' xf] . pd]/sf] sf/0fn] klg sltko k|f0fLzf:qLx? cg';Gwfgdf Wofg lbb}gg\ . To;}n] klg cfˆgf] ljBfyL{n] u/]sf] sfd k|sflzt ubf{ k|fWoksx?n] æ;'k/efOh/Æsf] gftfn] ;xn]vssf] gfd /fVg' afx]s :t/Lo cg';Gwfgdf k|f0fLzf:qLx? k5fl8 g} b]lvG5g\ . ToxL sf/0f / cGo sf/0fx?n] ubf{ k|f0fLzf:q ;DalGwt :tl/o hg{nsf] cefj g]kfndf b]lvG5 . :gftsf]Q/ cWoog/t k|f0fLzf:qsf ljBfyL{x?sf] kxndf ;g\ @))^ df k|f=8f= t]hs'df/ >]i7 k|d'v ePsf] j]nfdf s]lGb|o k|f0fLzf:q ljefun] g]lKnh hg{n ckm h"nf]hL k|sflzt u/]tfklg clxn];Dd yf]/} ef]No"d dfq lgsflnPsf] 5 .

k|f0fLzf:q k|fWofks / ljBfyL{jLrdf xn'sf] ;DaGw

       ;g\ @)!^ df gf:6n] cfof]hgf u/]sf] /fli6«o j}1flgs ;Dd]ngdf n]vs;+u k|f=8f= gGb axfb'/ l;+x e]6 x'Fbf M.Sc. df n]vsnfO{ hDdf Pp6f sIff -n]Sr/_ df dfq k9fPsf l;+xn] æp d}n] k9fPsf] ljBfyL{ xf]Æ eg]/ n]vs / c? j}1flgssf] jLrdf kl/ro u/fPsf lyP . Psk6s n]vssf] e]6 :gftsf]Q/ txdf ! jif{ k'/} k9fpg] k|Wofks;+u eof] / pxfFn] ætkfO{ t d]/f] ljBfyL{ g} xf]Oglg .Æ eg]/ eGbf n]vs bË kg{' :jefljs lyof] . pQm k|fWofkssf] ljrf/df cfkm'n] y]l;; ;'kl/j]If0f ul/g] ljBfyL{ dfq} cfˆgf] ljBfyL{ x'g] /x]5 .

       k|f0fLzf:qLx? eGb5g\ æk|fWofksn] cfkm"n] cfkm"nfO{ dfq agfP, t/ cfˆgf ljBfyL{ agfpg ;s]gg\ .Æ o;sf] d'Vo sf/0f k|fWofksx?n] ljBfyL{x?nfO{ cg';Gwfgsf] sfd nufpg], ef]n'G6/ u/fpg], hft, If]q / /fhgLltsf] cfwf/df Jojxf/ ug{], dg k/]sf / cfˆgf] rs8L ug{]nfO{ hfFrdf a9L c+s ylklbg], cfkm"n] l/km/]G; n]6/ n]v]/ s'g} k|f]h]S6 cfof] eg] cfˆgf] efudf k}zf kg{' kg,{] sfd} gu/]tfklg n]v n]Vbf hg{ndf gfd n]lvlbg'kg{] o'jf k|f0fLzf:qLx? atfpF5g\ . / lo lqmofsnfkx?sf] lj/f]w ubf{ hfFrdf km]n eOG5 eGg] 8/n] r'krfk nfUg] / cfˆg} ljBfyL{x? ;'k/efOh/ jf k|fWofksx?af6 6f9f x'g'kg{] afWotf /x]sf] u'gf;f] ;'lgPsf] el6G5 .

pk;+xf/

       Oltxf;df k/fk"j{sfnb]lv k|f0fLzf:q cGtu{t cWoog ul/g] 9f8 ePsf / gePsf hgfj/x?nfO{ clt g} dxTj lbO{ logLx? dfG5]sf] ;Eotf ;+u;+u} cleGg cËsf ?kdf /x]sf 5g\ / o; lj1fgsf] cWoogsf] yfnlg Pd=P:;L= af]6gL k9]sf JolQmaf6 ePtfklg clxn] Pd=P:;L= k|f0fLzf:q kf; u/]sf xhf/f}+ ;+Vofdf 5g\ / ;of}+n] lkPrl8 ul/;s]sf 5g\ . pgLx?nfO{ ljZjljBfno tyf cGo ;/sf/L sfof{nox?n] j}1flgs jf ljz]if1sf ?kdf lngsf] nflu ;]jf cfof]u dfkm{t /f]huf/Lsf] l;h{gf ug'{ h?/L 5  . o;sf nflu 7"nf] 5ftL / dxfg 1fg ePsf], k|f0fLzf:qLx?nfO{ dfof ug{] JolQm rflxPsf] 5, h:n] :jf:Yo, s[lif, kz', jg, ;fdfGo k|zf;g / lzIff dGqfno, of]hgf cfof]u, nf]s ;]jf cfof]u, cbfnt, ;bg, ljZjljBfno, u}x|;/sf/L ;+3 ;+:yfx?df uP/ k|f0fLzf:qsf] dxTj a'emfpg]5 / g]kfn tyf ljb]zdf pTkflbt g]kfnL k|f0fLzf:qLx?nfO{ ;/sf/L sf]6fsf] pRr txdf /f]huf/ lbnfpg ;Sg]5 . xf]Og eg] afx| sIffkl5 g]kfndf k|f0fLzf:qsf] cWoog, cWofkg ug{', u/fpg' / o;sf] sf/0fn] dxËf] tl/sfn] pTkflbt j]/f]huf/L / ælbdfuL k|f0fLzf:qLx?Æsf] s'g} sfd x'g]5}g . o; k|f0fLzf:q ljifonfO{ Interdesciplinary tl/sfn] cWoog cWofkg u/fpg] eGg] s'/fdf 5nkmn x'g' h?/L 5 . g]kfnsf ljZjljBfnox?sf] :gfts / :gftsf]Q/sf] cGtu{t k|f0fLzf:qsf sf]if{x? o"/f]k / cd]l/sfsf ljZjljBfnosf sf]if{x? hlQs} jf tL eGbf :t/Lo 5g\ . t/ oL sf]if{x? :t/Lo k|fWofksx?n] k9fPsf 5g\ of 5}gg\, k|fWofksx? cfFkm} ck8]6 ePsf 5g\ of 5}gg\ Tof] ljrf/ ug'{ h?/L 5 . k|f0fLzf:q ljefunfO{ :t/Lo agfpg s'g ljifodf slt 1fg xfl;n u/]sf] k|fWofks rflxG5 eGg] s'/fsf] Plsg ug'{k5{ . To:t} Jojxfl/s lzIf0f k4ltnfO{ s] s;/L /fd|f] agfpg ;lsG5 / s[lif, jg, jftfj/0f h:tf ljifo h:t} jf lt eGbf a9L pkof]uL l;4 agfpg s;/L ;lsG5 eg]/ ldl6Ë, e]nf jf tflnd lbg ;Sg'k5{ . o;sf nflu k|f0fLzf:q / k|f0fLzf:qLnfO{ ;+3} dfof ug{] k|fWofksx? h:t} hLjg >]i7, k"0f{gfy ld>, l6;L dh'k'l/of, t]hs'df/ >]i7, ;'/]z axfb'/ sfsL{, a;Gts'df/ yfkf, dx]Gb| dxh{g, bof/fd e';fn, gGb axfb'/ l;+x tyf cGo a'l4hLjLx?sf] ljrf/, ;xof]u / ;xsfo{ clgjfo{ 5 eGg'df cTo'lQm gxf]nf .

;Gbe{;"lr

–      ld>, k"0f{gffy, g]kfndf lj1fgsf] ljsf; . ;Dkfbs–8f= tLy{ axfb'/ >]i7 . g]kfn /fhsLo k|1f–k|lti7fg, @)#(, k]hM *^–!)$.

–      jg, nIdL/d0f, g]kfndf lj1fgsf] ljsf; . ;Dkfbs–8f= tLy{ axfb'/ >]i7 . g]kfn /fhsLo k|1f–k|lti7fg, @)#(, k]hM !)%–!!% .

–      hf]zL, b'uf{bQ, g]kfndf lj1fgsf] ljsf; . ;Dkfbs 8f= tLy{ axfb'/ >]i7 . g]kfn /fhsLo k|1f–k|lti7fg, @)#(, k]hM $#–^& .

–       Singh, NB. Central Department of Zoology at a glance. In: Golden Jubilee souvenir, CDZ,TU, Nepal, 13 Mangsir 2072 (29 Nov. 2015), page: 19-30.

–      l3ld/], lty{/fh . g]kfndf j}1flgs cg';GwfgM ;d:of / ;dfwfg . k|wfg ;DkfbsM 8f= ef]h/fh kGt, :dfl/sf @)&@, g]kfn lj1fg tyf k|ljlw k|1f–k|lti7fg, nlntk'/, k]hM
%@–%& .

–      kGt, ef]h/fh . lj1fg, j}1flgs / g}ltstf . k|wfg ;DkfbsM 8f= ef]h/fh kGt, :dfl/sf @)&@, g]kfn lj1fg tyf k|ljlw k|1f–k|lti7fg, nlntk'/ . k]hM !(– @! .

–      cfrfo{ k'ik/fh . g]kfndf k|f0fLzf:q cg';Gwfgsf r'gf}tLx? / gf:6sf] e"ldsf . k|wfg ;DkfbsM 8f= ef]h/fh kGt  :dfl/sf @)&@, g]kfn lj1fg tyf k|ljlw k|1f–k|lti7fg, nlntk'/ . k]hM %*–^@ .

–       Novacek, Michael J. (8 November 2014). "Prehistory's Brilliant Future". The New York Times. New York: The New York Times Company. 

–       Mora, Camilo; Tittensor, Derek P.; Adl, Sina; et al. (2011). "How Many Species Are There on Earth and in the Ocean?". PLOS Biology. San Francisco, CA: PLOS. 9 (8): e1001127. 

–       https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/np/np-nbsap-v2-en.pdf  (NEPAL NATIONAL BIODIVERSITY STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN 2014-2020). (Accessed on 10 October, 2016).

–       http://www.cdztu.edu.np/docs/publication/docs/20121003152150_Thapa%20&%20Budha%202010.%20MSc%20and%20PhD%20Theses.pdf (Accessed on 10 October, 2016).

–       http://nepalitimes.com/news.php?id=15696#.V-3y8o997IU(Accessed on 10 October, 2016).

–       https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/06/060601091640.htm (Accessed on 10 October, 2016).

–       http://en.biol.uoa.gr/history.html (Accessed on 10 October, 2016).

–       http://www.asianagrihistory.org/vol-10/veterniray.pdf (Accessed on 10 October, 2016).

–    http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-stoke-staffordshire-37320815?intlink_from_url=http://www.bbc.com/news/live/uk-england-stoke-staffordshire-37155501&link_location=live-reporting-story (Accessed on 10 October, 2016).

–       http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37449919 (Accessed on 10 October, 2016).

–       https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_zoology (Accessed on 10 October, 2016).

–       https://wellcome.ac.uk/about-us/investments (Accessed on 10 October, 2016).